Counseling Theoretical Model Essay -- Psychology, Christian Counseling

There are numerous hypothetical models of advising. Regularly, an assorted methodology or the utilization of a few methodologies is best for the goals of issues. I use a few distinct hypotheses and techniques in my job as an advocate. In any case, it is the individual hypothesis and the Family hypothesis model that stays my direction to advising as a Christian advocate. Singular individual hypothesis of guiding is significant for the accomplishments of any remedial procedure that influences how I gathering. Individual point of view, how the world works, conviction framework, the manner in which things cooperate, and how they really are structure the premise of working of all people throughout everyday life. So as to have the best choice concerning any restorative procedure, I need to see profoundly the individual hypothesis of person. This is accepted to upgrade the association of the customer with an advocate and gives a coordinated methodology by me as an advisor. This comprehension is additionally critical to successful mediation with people who have various qualities contrasted with me as an instructor. Understanding the individual hypothesis of the world likewise encourages me as a guide in the distinguishing proof of shortcomings and qualities and zones of progress. As an advisor, my own directions then again are simply the impacts like qualit ies, interests, sympathy, and mindfulness among others, which impact the individual hypothesis of guiding, talked about above. These individual directions compare with different ways to deal with treatment while others don't thus the comprehension is significant. Family frameworks hypothesis puts together its contention with respect to the ideas that so as to comprehend the family viably and proficiently, the entire family must be evaluated. The signs that are expres... ...The individual Theory and the Family Theory Model is a significant method that must be paid attention to so as to guarantee that it is effective. Singular individual hypothesis of advising along with the direction of the specialist affects the family treatment. This might be negative for instance if the direction of the specialist contradicts the estimations of the customer as is prove by the Christian qualities talked about above. It is likewise significant for the advisor to know about the necessities and the uniqueness of the conditions of the customers, for example, in abusive behavior at home. In any case, a productive methodology is fit for guaranteeing that these powers don't influence the procedure. In conclusion, nature and the decent variety of the populace that one is working with assume a significant job in family frameworks treatment and ought to be considered fundamentally.

MRES7014 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

One Day Training Programme for Big Idea Limited Assignment

One Day Training Program for Big Idea Limited - Assignment Example Since the organization needs involvement with overseeing such occasions so it has moved toward our consultancy firm to plan the manner by which such a preparation program can be overseen. Idea of Project Management (PM) and its system All over the world, the vast majority of PM professionals want to utilize Project Management Board of Knowledge (PMBoK) and Projects In Controlled Environments (PRINCE2) philosophies as they are the normalized ones. As indicated by PMI (2008), the two systems recommend that the activities ought to begin with a Project Initiation stage that helps in recognizing the principle prerequisites of the proprietors. Nonetheless, in the event of Big Idea Ltd., setting up a Feasibility study or Business case is most fitting which is the most recent device utilized by PM specialists (Field and Keller, 2007). Business case is depicted by Gardiner (2005) as a device that is standard in Project Management with the point of giving examination of three essential highlig hts of activities for example administrative, specialized and monetary so an answer can be determined as per the customer’s set of prerequisites. Business case has been utilized by Project Management professionals as it facilitates the supervisory group in settling on trustworthy choice in future about undertaking identified with its goals and degree (Ali, Anbari, and Money, 2008). Since Project Initiation Phase is of most extreme significance in each undertaking, it is fundamental for the PM professional to guarantee that this eliminate is appropriately worked. As indicated by Kerzner (2009) and Turner (2009), Project Initiation stage must need to two yields; one is there ought to be a designated Project Manager and second yield is Project Initiation Document known as PID. While the procedure of introductory task improvement is advancing and venture destinations are being characterized, PM specialists recognize two arrangements of elements that will be utilized for estimatio n of project’s achievement (Haas, 2006). As indicated by PMI (2008), the primary arrangement of components is produced using the achievement rules which contain wards variable that will evaluate the effective project’s result for example time, quality and cost. While, second arrangement of elements set contain achievement factors that comprise of free factors that have impact on progress criteria’s fruitful accomplishment for example venture suppositions and limitations. Figure 1: Project Life Cycle Source: Lock (2003) The task objective for Big Idea Ltd can be characterized as: To plan and set up a one day UG Project Management Training Program for Level 3 Undergraduate understudies to cause them to comprehend the utilization of Microsoft Project and Critical Path Analysis for conveyance on first September 2012 with a most extreme financial plan of ?40,000. At the point when the undertaking inception stage finishes and venture is affirmed by the concerned speci alists, the following period of the task life is venture improvement stage. Olsson and Magnussen (2007) and Shenhar (2008), the second period of Project Life Cycle is the most vital one as at this stage the undertaking is either represented the deciding factor. At this stage, the undertaking is refined as arrangement of venture group happens alongside setting of different plans and exercises for execution, checking and control are finished. Task Development stage helps in defining the undertaking limits and recognizable proof of subtleties and prerequisites of the activities (Kwak, Anbari, 2008). Turner (2009) characterized the second stage as the recognizable proof of exercises that will permit tasks

Ayuda para inmigrantes vctimas de abuso laboral

Ayuda para inmigrantes vctimas de abuso laboral El Departamento de Justicia brinda ayuda a los inmigrantes que vienen an Estados Unidos con una visa no inmigrante de trabajo y child vã ­ctimas de explotaciã ³n laboral. Porque deben saber que la ley los protege. Lamentablemente child relativamente comunes los casos de todo tipo de abusos, que van desde no pagar el salario acordado a retener pasaportes pasando por instancias muy desagradables de asalto sexual. Si se producen alguna de esas conductas, se puede solicitar ayuda. Y a continuaciã ³n se informa sobre quã © debe saberse. Ejemplos de trabajadores protegidos en sus derechos Los extranjeros que vienen temporalmente a trabajar en la agricultura con H-2A o en trabajos que no requieren titulaciã ³n pero no child agrã ­colas como la H-2B. E incluso los que vienen por intercambio con una visa J, como la de maestros u live in housekeeper, o profesionales con otro tipo de visas laborales como la TN para mexicanos o la H-1B. Porque desgraciadamente todos los trabajadores pueden ser vã ­ctimas de abuso. A quã © tiene derecho los extranjeros con una visa de trabajo Entre los derechos de los que gozan se encuentran los siguientes: Conservar en todo momento consigo su pasaporte y otros documentos de identificacià ³n.A ser pagados de acuerdo a la ley. No pueden ser pagados menos que un estadounidense por el mismo tipo de trabajo. En este punto, consultar siempre cul es el salario mã ­nimo establecido por el gobierno government y tambiã ©n el que fija el estado en el que se desempeã ±a el trabajo, ya que puede ser predominant y entonces habrã ­a que respetarlo.A no ser obligados a continuar trabajando, si uno no lo desea. Pero ojo con abandonar el trabajo sin consejo de un abogado, ya que podrã ­a dar lugar a que la visa se diese por terminada y a que no se pueda tener presencia lawful en Estados Unidos.A reportar abuso laboral sin sufrir ningã ºn tipo de represalias.A pedir ayuda a sindicatos (associations) y a grupos relacionados con la defensa de los derechos e intereses de los trabajadores.A no ser vã ­ctima de promesas falsas por parte del empleador relativas a la paga, nã ºmero de horas trabajadas, tipo de trabajo, lugar a desempeã ±arlo o incluso sobre las caracterã ­sticas del alojamiento. Quã © hacer en los casos de explotaciã ³n laboral Se recomienda llevar un diario en el que se anotan los problemas que surgen cada dã ­a asã ­ como las horas que se trabajan y la retribuciã ³n de las mismas. Asimismo, debe mantenerse el trabajo salvo casos extremos. Ayuda an inmigrantes vã ­ctimas de explotaciã ³n laboral Llamar para reportar abuso a la Lã ­nea para reportar explotaciã ³n laboral en el nã ºmero 1-888-428-7581. Este nã ºmero de telã ©fono depende del Departamento de Justicia de Estados Unidos y es atendido de lunes a viernes en de 9 de la maã ±ana a 5 de la tarde, en horario de la costa Este.â En casos graves y urgentes siempre se puede llamar a la Policã ­a marcando al 911. Los mexicanos pueden contactar con el Centro de Informaciã ³n y Ayuda conocido como CIAM. Es un telã ©fono gratuito que brinda excelente informaciã ³n sobre quã © hacer o refieren an abogados u organizaciones sin balance de lucro con buena reputaciã ³n. Adems, si cree que usted es vã ­ctima de explotaciã ³n laboral no acepte el consejo del abogado que le provea su empleador, ya que sus intereses y los de à ©ste no coinciden y el consejo recibido puede que no sirva a sus intereses. A tener en cuenta con visas H-2A y H-2B Lamentablemente, los abusos child especialmente frecuentesâ en casos de inmigrantes temporales legales que tienen visas H-2A (agricultura) y H-2B (no agricultura).â Incluso a veces el abuso comienza bets de viajar an Estados Unidos cuando los reclutadores exigen condiciones muy gravosas para dar el trabajo, por ejemplo, que se deje en fianza las propiedades de fincas. Es muy importante evitar esos abusos. Esta es una lista de reclutadores en Mã ©xico para esas visas incluyendo un listado de aquellos que causado en el pasado este tipo de problemas. An esos los roughage que evitar. Particular para indocumentados Si se est en los Estados Unidos en una situaciã ³n migratoria de indocumentado verificar cules child las reglas del estado en las que se vive en relaciã ³n a los derechos para recibir salarios y sobre condiciones laborales. Algunosâ estados protegen a los trabajadores en esos dos aspectos sin preguntar cul es el estatus migratorio. En todo caso tener presente las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos y la nueva polã ­tica de deportaciones establecida por orden ejecutiva del presidente Donald Trump. Este artã ­culo no es asesorã ­a lawful para ningã ºn caso concreto. Su funciã ³n es meramente informativa.

Rape Essays (545 words) - Rape, Violence, Sexual Abuse, Sex Crimes

Assault Nichole Moraila Bio 027 Exposition I On October 25, a 12-year old young lady, understudy of Willard Middle School was explicitly ambushed by 9 young men for more than five hours. After the rape the young lady was moved to another school, Martin Luther King Jr. Center School. On November 8, a similar young lady was attracted to a detached region of grounds and assaulted by a multi year old kid. The following day the kid was captured on charges of assault and he was then discharged to his folks. The young lady has since been removed from school. The rape on October 25 was the principal rape in each of the three center schools since the mid 90's. Seven of the nine young men who were associated with the October 25, rape have been captured and are at present in adolescent corridor. As per the Alameda examiners there was no proof of sex during the group attack. Since the police didn't learn of the attack until October 27, specialists would not direct an assault test since the young lady had washed in the two days since the primary rape. While trying to not alert guardians, locale authorities have done whatever it takes not to unveil the way that the casualty was the equivalent in the two ambushes. On November 15, Martin Luther King Jr. Head Neil Smith gave a letter to guardians referencing the rape at Willard Middle School and furthermore referenced that ''last week, two understudies were occupied with sexual movement in the brambles during noon''. The two occurrences were never integrated by Mr. Smith. Guardians have since discovered that there was a typical casualty in the two occurrences and they are shocked. It's unnerving to imagine that episodes like these can occur in your city and neighborhood. For what reason do these things occur? Is it the entirety of the outrage, dissatisfaction and interest in sex that causes these occurrences? Would sex training help in forestalling violations like these? Maybe if guardians put forth a greater amount of an attempt to examine sex with their kids at a more youthful age, as possibly 2-3 years old, they may feel increasingly good about both themselves and sex. On the off chance that they are instructed about sex this may facilitate a portion of the disappointment and normal interest that can happen during their youthful years. Likewise, by examining sex with your kids they may feel more calm when they have questions or issues in regards to sex. Most youngsters and youths find out about sex from the media and their companions, and the vast majority of the data they are educated is bogus. Truly, Principal Smith at Martin Luther King Jr. told guardians of the rape at Willard Middle School, yet he would not like to alert guardians, so he chose uniquely for share that on Nov. 8, sexual movement had happened in the shrubs. Assault unquestionably deserves reason to worry. Mr. Smith never referenced the word assault to the guardians. In spite of the way that films, TV programs and music recordings are loaded with sex, it appears that we're just expected to take a gander at it yet not talk about it. Guardians and understudies both need to realize what's going on in their schools and neighborhoods to additionally ensure themselves. Discussing sex appear to be a decent method to start. Human Sexuality

Essay Samples of Love of Christ

Essay Samples of Love of ChristEssay samples of the love of Christ are used as examples in most high school classes for students to do their assignments. Most of the essays are created by the student in order to give an idea on what kind of assignment would be easier to complete. This is not only the best option to enjoy with your friends, but also an excellent chance to add some details on why you are doing this project.You may think that because of your family, religion or ethnic background, it is impossible to write an essay on love. There are of course exceptions like when the subject matter is extremely sensitive and affects you. It's always better to know why you need to write this particular assignment.In addition to doing an essay on love of Christ, the student can also do a research about the subject matter. Some might want to find out facts, the history, location, etc. What matters most is the fact that the student is interested in learning about this subject. The more the interest and the more the background, the better.Regardless of how your own reason may be, the first thing you have to do is identify your reasons for wanting to do this project. How long have you been an atheist?Did you find out your friend has a passion for writing and loves the faith, or you are born again Christian and you want to know more about it? It is important to identify your reasons, to help yourself get comfortable in the topic.Your essays will be the very basis of possible assignment to do at home school. You might not know why you need to write them, but at least you will have this specific information to assist you.Many people feel this is not such a good idea because of its long process. Yes, you will be thinking about what would happen next. You will have to write about things that happen in your daily life and solve problems related to religion.The essay samples of the love of Christ can be a good way to gain interest in this subject. What you are doing now, is re searching the topic, and then you are writing a well-organized and effective assignment.

Power in An Ideal Husband and The Canterbury Tales - Literature Essay Samples

Both within ‘The Merchant’s Tale’ by Chaucer and ‘An Ideal Husband’ by Oscar Wilde, the theme of power is explored, with various characters attempting to increase their power often by corrupt or deceitful means. Although corruption is explored through a variety of characters, the male protagonists Januarie and Lord Chiltern both appear to be the most corrupt in their attempts to gain power however, as both authors create a society in which corruption is already rife, the corruption of these men is not so heavily criticized as they are perceived to be merely be reflections of contemporary society. Wilde particularly emphasizes the way in which characters are able to gain power for themselves through the depiction of characters such as Mabel Chiltern and Lord Goring, whereas Chaucer suggests that almost all people must engage in some level of corruption in order to gain the power they desire, perhaps because they are limited by the existing social struc tures of the time. Wilde and Chaucer both demonstrate through the characters of Lord Chiltern and Januarie respectively the way in which the male desire for power inspires corrupt behavior. Wilde’s narrative is constructed around Lord Chilterns’ corrupt and ‘scandalous’ behavior in his youth in which he obtained and exploited a letter which came into his possession whilst he was working for Baron Arnheim, a letter now in the possession of the knifing Mrs Cheveley. At the beginning of the play, Wilde describes Lord Chiltern as an ‘upstanding gentlemen’, placing particular emphasis on the way in which people admire him both as a husband and as a politician. However, what becomes immediately clear to the audience is that this power and respect Robert holds is not as a result of his own self-determination, but is in part due to the scandal he was involved in when he was younger. Whilst discussing his predicament with Goring, Lord Chiltern emphasizes how he did not regret his decision but that it showed ‘strength and courage’ to ‘yield’ to the opportunity which had presented itself to him, and that he did not particularly regret having engaged in such corruption. Within Victorian England, political scandal was incredibly common and in the late 1890s several leading politicians had disappeared after being implicated in scandals; thus, as corruption in the Victorian government was common, it perhaps does not occur to Robert that his behavior is so dastardly. Wilde’s presentation of a character who is both perceived to be incredibly upstanding but is in fact corrupt creates conflict for the audience who may be uncertain as to whether or not they should trust Lord Chiltern. However, as the Victorian theater audience was typically upper class, they may have either not been unsurprised by the corruption present, as they were familiar with it, or may else feel threatened by such a play which dared to question their ow n social standing and its origins; this latter aspect may in fact explain why Lord Chiltern is exonerated at the end of the play, not simply returned to his position but in fact elevated to a more senior position in government. On the other hand, Chaucer creates a male protagonist whose thirst for power does not result in corrupt behavior in such an explicit sense, although he clearly lies about his potential in order to gain. The Merchant first introduces Januarie as a ‘knyght’, but one who is is ‘hoar’ and ‘olde’ and thus not desirable because, in the view of Morden, he is unable to fulfil the expectations of a courtly lover. Januaries’ self-deception about his desirability and possible exploitation of his position as a knyght enables him to attract Mae, a partner significantly younger than himself. Although Januarie’s character is not likeable, the audience is made to feel some sympathy for his plight and the way he seeks a wif e and a marriage which he believes will be ‘esy and so clene’, however the way in which he attracts such a young girl seems shocking, particularly to a modern audience. Within Chaucer’s England, it was not uncommon for young girls to marry older men as this ensured their financial and social security, however the age gap between Mae and Januarie does raise questions about the motivations of each character; some critics argue that the exaggerated age difference between Mae and Januarie helps to emphasize the comedic elements of the story, as well as emphasizing its allegorical nature. Therefore, although Lord Chiltern and Januarie desire to gain personally in their pursuit of power, arguably it is Lord Chiltern whose behaviour seems most outrageous, and who the audience feels less sympathy for as he does not show remorse for his actions, whereas Januarie seems genuinely to be less aware, and self-deceiving about his own potential ability to secure power. Within ‘An Ideal Husband’ and ‘The Merchant’s Tale’, the pursuit of power is depicted to have gendered expectations, with women who seek power often becoming vilified in a way in which the male counterparts who are clearly corrupt are not. In ‘An Ideal Husband’ the villain of the play is Mrs Cheveley, who attempts to blackmail Robert using the letter, to break down the family unit and destroy Robert’s reputation. Immediately, Wilde characterizes Mrs Cheveley as the villain through her dress, describing her as ‘lamia-like’, likening her with the mythical creature reputed to have destroyed families by eating children. Additionally, the description of Mrs Cheveley’s ‘thin, red lips’ creates and pale skin creates a vampirish image, contrasting her with the other characters and clearly presenting her as the villain. When Mrs Cheveley confronts Robert, she is incredibly ‘plain’ with him, st ating her precise expectations. The audience prior to this point have warmed to Robert as they have viewed him through the eyes of those who respect him and thus feel threatened by Mrs Cheveley. Critics such as Gower have argued that Mrs Cheveley’s actions in exploiting the letter are not worse than Lord Chiltern’s use of it and that the only reason Mrs Cheveley is vilified is on account of her gender and this sense is emphasized through the way in which Mrs Cheveley is portrayed as mimicking Lord Chiltern’s lines of arguments, inverting them to suit her means. In Victorian England women were expected to be obedient and subservient and thus Mrs Cheveley’s behaviors is even more shocking to a contemporary audience, who would be appalled at her behavior. Although it is never expressed what Mrs Cheveley seeks to gain through Robert’s intervention in the Argentine canal scheme, presumably she will reap financial and other rewards and therefore is corru pt in the sense she tries to gain personal power through dishonest means. A year after writing ‘An Ideal Husband’,Wilde was on trial for gross indecency, and was being blackmailed over letters which implicated his relationship with the Queensbury’s son Bowsie and thus Wilde was incredibly familiar with the idea of blackmail. Although it would be easy to outrightly show that Mrs Cheveley was a corrupt villain, the fact he draws parallels between her and Lord Chiltern creates a sense of moral ambiguity surrounding their characters and their desire for power, perhaps reflecting the complexity of the predicament that he found himself in. Similarly, in ‘The Merchant’s Tale’, Chaucer creates a narrative in which Mae exploits Januarie and his blindness for her own personal gain. Mae’s marriage to Januarie would already have resulted in her having an elevation in social status as well as securing her financially for life (divorce did not exist in Chaucer’s society) and thus even her marriage to the unattractive Januarie can be shown to be an attempt to boost her status. Mae’s exploitation of Januarie’s blindness for her own personal pleasure is vilified by the Merchant, who uses a disapproving tone through his descriptions of Mae’s actions with Damyan, remarking in fact that it is was almost too rude to go into detail. Mae is also depicted as exploiting Januarie’s blindness by contradicting his assertions about the sex she had in the tree, stating that his vision was not fully restored is also criticized by the Merchant, who suggests that Mae was exploiting the physical problem of her husband. However, critics such as Williams assert that it is important to remember that ‘The Merchant’s Tale’ is designed to be used as a device by the merchant in order to explicitly criticize all women (including his own wife, who is the ‘woost ther kan be’) and thus canno t be believed in its entirety. Nonetheless, the overall effect of both of these texts is that women seeking power are presented as being more villainous and unacceptable than their male counterparts. However, clearly it is possible to seek power in manners that are not corrupt as demonstrated through characters such as Goring and Mabel Chiltern. Within ‘An Ideal Husband’, Goring’s slightly aloof nature and dandyish qualities set him apart from the other characters in the sense that he does not appear to care what others think of him. Similarly, Mabel Chiltern, as woman in a secure financial position as the ward of her brother Robert Chiltern, she is not required to seek a husband outrightly, although of course the end of the play does depict their engagement. Lord Goring’s sense of power is attained not through his conformity or his engagement to Mabel even, but by the way he is seemingly removed from politics and the events of the play. When Goring orchestrates the plot to eradicate Mrs Cheveley, he does so from his own home, using information he has gathered through observation; as Goring is not going to be directly impacted by anything he does, he is able to act effectively and without concern for his reputation. Critics such as Kutchner have suggested that Lord Goring was Wilde’s ‘slightly fanciful’ representation of himself and thus here it appears that Wilde may be suggesting that a lack of reputation, or rather a lack of a conventional reputation was in fact an asset as it allowed one to act in any way without it impacting your reputation. Goring’s dandyish qualities present him as a man whose primary concern is not politics or family the qualities Lord Caversham, his father, thinks he should prioritize but in fact aesthetics and wit, and, as one critic remarked ‘it is far harder for a scandal over appearance to cause long term damage’, whereas a role in a corrupt political sphere could in fact damage him. Thus Lord Goring is presented as being able to gain power through non-corrupt means because the avenues of power he seeks are different from Robert and do not involve the corrupt politics. Additionally, Szanter argues that Mable Chiltern in fact holds some of the greatest power in the play because of her wealth and social status, both of which means she is under no pressure to marry quickly. Also, Szanter argues that, unlike Lady Chiltern, Mabel Chiltern is not constrained by marriage and thus has fewer expectations imposed on her. This line of reasoning suggests that in fact power is not something which is just gained through corruption suggests it may be obtained by other means such as birthright, although this obviously is not accessible to everyone. On the other hand, Chaucer does not demonstrate that this is the case in any way, perhaps reflecting a time period with limited social mobility and a greater emphasis upon social class and patriarchal values. In conclusion, both Wilde and Chaucer explore power and various means by which it can be obtained. Although the male protagonists Januarie and Lord Chiltern both appear to be the most corrupt, it is the women who are most vilified for their corrupt nature. Wilde shows that it is possible for characters to gain some power for themselves through non-corrupt means, although this is arguably as a result of birth right rather than their own self-determination. Both Wilde and Chaucer show that corruption was endemic in society and often resorted to by characters who are limited society’s expectation of their class and gender.

The Great Depression - 1368 Words

After WW1 the Great Depression had a very late impact on the major film companies in France, when it did, it unfortunately caused several film studios to go bankrupt, then in the late 1920’s to 1930’s many small film companies and groups emerged giving birth to the tendency called poetic realism. Because the large companies who made films with a focus on making money were gone the filmmakers and artists were able to concern themselves with the art of film, they often took poetic innovations that we can associate with impressionism or surrealism and combined them to create a more realistic style of narrative filmmaking. Therefore these films stylistic techniques have been influenced by the political and economical historical contexts that took place in France that has enhanced these films aesthetic. The growth of political awareness had then reflected in the films of this time, thus the enormous historical impact that effected France’s films and industry. The que stion can be asked, how did these social, political and economic issues of France at the time come thought the arts and cinema and start a very impactful thread of films. Before WW1 and The Great Depression France dominated international film screens, especially in 1929 when the coming of sound really boosted their industry, people were extremely interested in hearing the French dialogue. The French film industry was thriving; they had a very high demand for films, which then meant the demand for theaters wereShow MoreRelatedThe Depression Of The Great Depression1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfar-reaching consequences as the Great Depression. This experience was the most extended and severe depression of the Western world. It was an economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. A large amount of America’s labor force lost their jobs and suffered during this crisis. 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Shannon there was much more to the great depression. It was a time of prosperity an economic change. Women and men were discovering who they were and their value to societyRead MoreThe Great Depression1551 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression was one of the most devastating events recorded in history. The nation as a whole plummeted in one econ omic downfall. Few individuals escaped the effects of the depression. The hardship of unemployment and the loss of homes and farms were a large portion of the pain caused by the economic crisis. Through all of these sufferings, women had a large impact on society. Women faced heavy discrimination and social criticism during the Depression Even though through research it is provenRead MoreThe Great Depression1186 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends is the true definition of of what the Great Depression really was. It was a time that most people want to never remember or ever happen again. You would think the United States would have learned from their mistakes but it seems we are going down the same road once again without even taking a step back and realizing it. When people talk about the Great Depression not a single person will have anything good to say about it. It caused families a great deal of pain that they will never forget. WithRead MoreThe Great Depression1133 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,† is a famous quote once said during the Great Depression by Franklin D. Roosevelt. After one world war, great financial fallout, and another world war to follow, the twentieth century was already shaping out to be a handful. When the Great Depression was coming to an end and the economy was trying to turn around, jobs started opening up and a new wave of immigrants came into New York, the Puerto Ricans. For some the American dream was to come toRead MoreThe Great Depression1698 Words   |  7 Pages The 1930s was one of the most challenging times in US history, where the Great Depression caused millions of Americans to suffer through hardships because of the economy. Many people were out of work and unemployed, and the government at the time, believed that the best option was to stay out of its affairs, leaving the struggling people hung out to dry. It was not until Franklin Roosevelt was elected president, that th e state of the country began to change. And that was due to the creation of the

Causes Of The American Revolution - 1644 Words

The American revolution was a period in time when tensions began to rise between the people of Great Britain s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government. It took the colonists nearly a decade before they had had enough of the british. The British had tried to increase taxes. With the taxes increasing it caused the colonists to become very upset with the British. Causing them to meet the Britishes taxing by a heated protest about wanting the same rights as other British citizens. It didn t take long for violence to break out, when British officers decided to fire their muskets into a crowd of rebellious colonists, this was known as the Boston Massacre. In 1773 a group of people dressed as Indians from Boston dumped 342 boxes†¦show more content†¦As the British started towards Breed s Hill the colonists were ready for them however so were the British. The Colonists were low on ammunition so the were instructed not to fire until they were within several yards when the British came close enough the fired a heap of bullets causing the British to retreat after reforming their lines they charged the Colonists had the same result. However no nearly out of ammunition they were forced to go into hand to hand combat causing the colonists to retreat because they were so outnumbered. Even though the British won that battle the Colonists had killed close to 1,000 enemies on the British regiment lead by General William Howe. however it gave encouragement to the cause. Washington and his army struggled to keep the British contained in Boston throughout the fall and winter. After the Winter Howe and his army retreated to Canada to try to organize a full blown attack on New York. With the war now in full swing more and more of the colonists began to think that their best option was to try to gain independence from the British government. The Continental Congress agreed to adopt the declaration of independence on July 4. The British were now scared and knew they needed to end the rebellion sent a force consisting of 34,000 troops to NewShow MoreRelatedThe Revolution : The Cause Of The American Revolution1898 Words   |  8 Pages The American Revolution was the turning point for the colonies that made up the United States today. It was the war that freed the colonists from British control. But what actually caused the American Revolution? Well, there’s no simple answer to that question. In fact, most of the causes acted as if they were dominoes. These events can be categorized in four periods of time or setting. These groups are, Salutary neglect, Mercantilism, Boston, and Unity of protests. Salutary neglect was the ideaRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1202 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history many revolutions took place, ranging from the unremarkable to a truly memorable, as the French revolution, the American Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution, but American revolution took place in 1775-1783. The revolution was different from other revolution because of growing tensions between residents of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government because American revolution was not like the others. This revolution was not like the others becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution738 Words   |  3 Pagesas the American Revolution, or the Revolutionary War. The American Revolution was a war between the colonists of America and Great Britain and they were fighting over the independence of America from Britain. This war lasted until 1781, when the British surrendered to the Americans, As a result, America is a fully independent country and it has stayed that way since that day. There were many causes of the war, The Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party, and Lexington and Concord. The first cause of theRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution913 Words   |  4 Pages While the american revolution was caused from taxes, it was also formed from the effects of a corrupt system of government. The effects of britains rule was a much bigger flame for the revolution then the taxes placed upon citizens. The american revolution was an event that will forever shape us as a country. It was a tough war filled with blood and brutal acts of violence, but it was also an awakening for the colonies that will later become the United States, it showed that while under a governmentRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution880 Words   |  4 Pages The American Revolution is the most important time in all of American history. This brought the birth of a new country and the treasured constitution. In the beginning, colonists were proud to be British. In the years to come, there were small occurrences that bothered the colonists and led to the Revolution. Other countries contributed to the start of a crueller British control. The French and Indian War caused King George III to introduce expensive taxes (Pavao). These taxes came about becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1335 Words   |  6 Pageswere multiple causes for the American Revolution, but the most important was the violation and deprivation of rights from the American People. The American people were faced with multiple acts and taxes that violated and took away their rights. Americans were continuously being taxed after the French and Indian War by acts like the sugar act, the stamp act, the Townshend acts,the tea act, and many more(Hedtke, et al., The Ame rican Saga). Despite all the taxes being placed on the Americans and the thingsRead MoreCauses of the American Revolution953 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Thou Mr. G./ Period 1 September 14, 2012 Causes of the American Revolution The American Revolution began in 1755 as an open conflict between the thirteen colonies and Great Britain. The Treaty of Paris had ended that war in 1783, giving the colonies their own independence. There are many factors contributing to the start of the Revolution, but the war began as the way The Great Britain treated the colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. For example, the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution886 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution began on April 19, 1775. It was the war between Great Britain and its colonies located in the New World. The colonists, as many historians put it, were like children rebelling against the motherland; however, they had many valid reasons for this revolt, including their desire for freedom and independence. My World History textbook says freedom was falsely promised when the colonists had settled (Krull 868). The more direct causes of this widely known rebellion include taxesRead MoreCaus es Of The American Revolution1344 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Revolution The causes of the American Revolution go back to the beginning of salutary neglect and the French and Indian War, as well as changes in the thinking of society. The effects of these events and other factors led to pressure within the colonies, ultimately resulting in rebellion. There were five factors to the nature of the American Revolution: The Environment, The Enlightenment, Self-Government, Economic Independence and Colonial Unity. The first factor that led to the AmericanRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution813 Words   |  4 PagesCauses Before the American Revolution, any imports from England from us had to come in ships owned by the British. Also, we could only sell tobacco and sugar to England. The British took French territory in Canada, east of the Mississippi River, and Spanish Florida which led to the American Revolution. Due to the war, Britain went in debt so, the British government placed taxes on goods so they could make more money. But that’s not all that led to the American Revolution, both the us and the French

Natural Disaster - 2278 Words

Index Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....3 Earth quakes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Volcanic eruptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Floods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Limnic eruptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Tsunamis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦5 Blizzards †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Droughts amp;Hailstorms †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........6 Tornadoes amp; Fires †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Gamma ray burst †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Natural disasters introduction A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard (e.g., flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption, earthquake, heatwave, or landslide). It leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The†¦show more content†¦It is believed that Pompeii was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow. A lahar is a volcanic mudflow or landslide. The 1953 Tangiwai disaster was caused by a lahar, as was the 1985 Armero tragedy in which the town of Armero was buried and an estimated 23,000 people were killed. A specific type of volcano is the supervolcano. According to the Toba catastrophe theory 70 to 75 thousand years ago a super volcanic event at Lake Toba reduced the human population to 10,000 or even 1,000 breeding pairs creating a bottleneck in human evolution. It also killed three quarters of all plant life in the northern hemisphere. The main danger from a super volcano is the immense cloud of ash which has a disastrous global effect on climate and temperature for many years. Hydrological disasters Floods A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land.[1] The EU Floods directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water.[2] In the sense of flowing water, the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries.[3] While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation andShow MoreRelatedNatural Disasters882 Words   |  4 Pages Natural disasters in Australia Natural disasters are events that occur naturally such as earthquakes, cyclones, Storms, and floods. These kinds of disasters can cause significant physical damage, interruption of business services and personal injury/loss of life. Due to the effects of global warming and consequential climate change the rate of natural disasters in Australia is increasing day by day. I myself have faced such kind of natural disaster in Pakistan in theRead MoreNatural Disasters And A Christian God1538 Words   |  7 Pages Natural Disasters and a Christian God Over many centuries the world has experienced what we now call, natural disasters. We can define natural disasters as an extreme and sudden event caused by environmental factors that injure or kill many people and destroy mass amounts of property. Examples of natural disasters are earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and disease. They can strike anywhere on Earth with or without warning. The severity of these disasters depend of the preparedness of the people andRead MoreNatural Disaster and Decision That Follows620 Words   |  3 PagesNatural Disaster and decision that follows Natural disaster risk can be defined as follows: The exposure or the chance of loss (of lives, persons injured, property damaged and economic activity disrupted) due to a particular hazard for a given area and reference period. In case of a disaster event, there are several effects, such as humanitarian effects, including the loss of lives and persons injured; ecological effects among other damage to ecosystems; and economic effects, comprising differentRead MoreNatural Disasters And Attacks By Individuals Or Groups1710 Words   |  7 Pagesworlds history, there have been many natural disasters and attacks by individuals or groups, which have done extensive damage to cities, forests, and families within societies communities. The question that remains is, are there systems in place to effectively handle situations accordingly? In Canada, there is a model in place called the Incident Command System, (ICS). According to I.C., (2012), â€Å"An incident is an occurrence, either caused by humans or natural phenomena that requires a re sponse toRead MoreResponding To A Man-Made Or A Natural Disaster Presents1443 Words   |  6 PagesResponding to a man-made or a natural disaster presents dangers and difficulties to first responders, and involved agencies, whether they are local, state or federal agencies. The difficulties in responding to these critical incidents make having a plan essential to successfully respond to, and manage the outcome of a critical incident. The United States government has established a national plan called the National Incident Management System (NIMS). NIMS is comprised of 6 components which helpRead MoreEconomic Impacts of Natural Disasters1887 Words   |  8 PagesIMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ABSTRACT: Disasters of both natural and technological origin have a considerable impact on communities. The effects of disasters in India are significantly reduced by well established counter disaster arrangements at all three levels of government. These arrangements comprise comprehensive plans of prevention, preparedness, response and recovery and in more recent times, of mitigation. The economic effects of disasters can be devastating and widespread. When disasters strikeRead MorePost Natural Disaster : Transitional Shelters2889 Words   |  12 Pages Post-Natural Disaster: Transitional Shelters Alyssa Rupp University of Minnesota The obtainment of a safe shelter is placed alongside nourishment in a human’s basic survival requirements. It lands within the second layer of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, following the most essential physiological layer (breathing, food, water, sleep etc.). 17% of the global population is without an acceptable shelter. Millions of people live in homes in desperate needRead MoreNatural Disasters And Its Effects On People Around The World1842 Words   |  8 PagesNatural disasters, otherwise called destructive forces, are caused by nature that happens at anytime. Today many have caused numerous deaths which could be â€Å"reconstruction of the land†. It is known that the usual major monsters like Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Floods, Tsunami, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes will have an impact on people around the world in the future. Google images shows the graph of major occurrence in over past years: Years from now, natural disasters will hurt society in many ways whenRead MoreAlthough each classification of natural disaster is capable of creating catastrophic destruction, I700 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough each classification of natural disaster is capable of creating catastrophic destruction, I feel that the destruction resulting from the accumulated factors that are responsible for Tsunamis have a potential destructive force far greater than other singular forces of nature on their own; Furthermore, due to the densely populated urbanized regions in high-risk zones the potential impact on humans form Tsunamis is elevated in comparison with other phenomenas which may occur with little impactRead MoreThe Santiago Park Neighborhood Community And City Officials Incase Incident Of Attack And Or Natural Disaster1229 Words   |  5 Pagesassessment report is to bring awareness to the residents of the Santiago Park Neighborhood Community and City Officials incase incident of attack a nd or natural disaster. This risk assessment is focusing on the possible intendent on the neighborhood and or the neighborhoods road network. This report will show how if an attack and or natural disaster does occur where key failure to the community might occur and might cause problematic incidents for first responders to help or have access to the community

A Different Life Essay Example For Students

A Different Life Essay A Different LifeSilence came in seventh grade. It was in seventh grade that I began the first of six years at a private school. In those six years I realized that it was not only I who had lost their voice; I was one among many who were denied the opportunity to speak. I distinctly remember the first time they betrayed me and informed me that my voice was invalid. A close friend of mine from elementary school wanted to attend and I was telling others about him- telling them how neat he was. The three people whom I had felt I could trust- the headmaster, academic dean, and dean of students- cornered me and attacked me for things that I had supposedly said. They did not believe me when I pleaded my case, saying, He is my friend. Why would I say such horrible things? They three looked at each other, stuck their noses in the air and simply explained that it sounded like the kind of thing I would do. They did not know me. They had accepted a rumor as truth. They attacked me and disregarde d my testimony. Unfortunately, this moment was merely the beginning of the silencing. It continued until the day I graduated. They condemned me for being curious and outspoken and lively. They shut me down for every brilliant idea I proposed, telling me that it was against the rules. I lived, quite literally, in this silence. I could not win by being myself, so I engulfed myself in obtaining their approval through silence and obedience. And I remember exactly what he said to me when I left. On June 4, 1999 my headmaster said to me, Saint James has really changed you. Youve really calmed down a lot. Youve become a real lady. I finally gained his approval, but at what cost? Even then, when I was leaving, I could not find the voice to scream at him and tell him how deeply he had hurt me. I did not have the voice to tell him about all the pain he had brought me. I did not have the voice to tell him that I would have forfeited all of the ladiness I had gained over six years if I could ha ve my voice back. Saint James taught me to bottle my emotions, because whenever I was open with them I would get in trouble. Adults of thirty-five condemned me for being thirteen and having questions. They not only condemned me for having questions, but they condemned me for being angry and hurt and sorrowful and confused. They didnt help me deal with or process my emotions; they taught me that it was better to conceal my emotions, because then I wouldnt get in trouble for having them. So, conceal them I did. I shoved them back into the recesses of my mind and heart and would tell myself to keep going. I would tell myself not to cry. I would tell myself that if I cried, they would ask what was wrong and then I would get in trouble for being honest and angry. I didnt want them to see how deeply they were hurting me. I did not want their pity. And so it slowly became that every emotion- wonderful and bad alike- got caught in my throat. I slowly stopped crying when I was upset. I locke d myself in my room and yelled at them in my mind when I was angry. And when I fell in love for the first time, I couldnt even tell him that I loved him. I lost all ability to vocalize my emotions. I lost my voice as a person first, a woman second. I was silenced for being the person I was before I was ever told that ladies didnt act that way. No one had ever informed me that I was the wrong type of lady. No woman or man I had known before seventh grade had ever told me that being me was wrong. Ladies didnt speak out. Ladies didnt express their anger. Ladies were quiet and flowery and gentle. The boys were allowed to be crude and raucous and .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 , .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 .postImageUrl , .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 , .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71:hover , .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71:visited , .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71:active { border:0!important; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71:active , .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71 .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u330cca1f2b2428a503dc863696626b71:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Importance of Higher Education Essay

Acute Care Current Debate Regarding the Nurses Role

Question: Discuss current debate regarding the nurses role in promoting patients choices; in areas such as end of life care? Answer: Care consumers who die in hospitals expend most of the time in an intensive care unit receiving costly and high tech health care. Nevertheless, the terminal days of patients lives are filled frequently with useless suffering. Palliative care is considered as the care that substitute this type of situation and focuses not only on life extension but also upon giving supportive care that assists comfort and dignity of the patients. The care providers have a main contribution in easing the transition from destructive management to palliative care, despite of the system. To do so nurses should prepare them to be ethical and should prepare compassionate decisions and concurrently consider approaches to circumvent legal accountabilities (Fedoruk and Hofmeyer, 2012). Palliative care is said to be an active and complete care of patients, whose illnesses are no longer work against curative treatment, stated by the World Health Organization. It affirms life and regards dying as standard process neither goes faster nor holds up death and offers remedy from illness and pain and provides diverse suffering indications (Berman and Kozier, 2011). The palliative care delivery should not be restricted to the care consumers who are about to attain death within few months, while palliative care standards are integrated in hospice progress, as primarily considered by the Medicare and also it should be offered only to the patients registered in hospitals. Health care personnel play a significant role in the development of patients choices (Webb and Kirov, 2014). If a patient is obtaining palliative care, the health care staff are said to be the central part of a multidisciplinary team and a central part of a health care team as well. The team structure varies, but can comprise more than single nurse and primary care personnel of the client. Primary care providers may consist of dietician, social worker, chaplain, physical therapist, related health personnel and occupational therapist . Nursing care responsibilities can include pain assessment, indications of various suffering, providing evidence depended inferences to ease the complications of a patient and preventing those intervention commencement that may not amend the comfort of patients life and the quality of life. The health care personnel work with team members to concentrate on the psychological and spiritual factors of life-threatening diseases (Piers et al., 2012). Nursing professionals should work together with the family members of the patients as they may change their focus from curing patient to palliative care. The promises to the members of the patients family should be continued after patients death with counseling recommendation and complete assistance (McIlwraith and Madden, 2010). End of life care generally include choices that are morally complex and generates worries regarding probable liability. Rejection of life maintaining care, for instance dialysis process, tube feeding, and need for increase of opioid doses or sedatives are naturally complicated matters (Simmonds, 2008). Withdrawal of life sustaining therapy is legally and morally permissible if patients are generously made wish and completely informed or if the recommended treatment is causing or may present a risk to the patients or gives no benefit to the patients. References Berman, A. and Kozier, B. (2011).Kozier Erb's fundamentals of nursing, ninth edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Fedoruk, M. and Hofmeyer, A. (2012).Becoming a nurse. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. McIlwraith, J. and Madden, W. (2010).Health care and the law. Rozelle, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. Piers, R., Van den Eynde, M., Steeman, E., Vlerick, P., Benoit, D. and Van Den Noortgate, N. (2012). End-of-Life Care of the Geriatric Patient and Nurses Moral Distress.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(1), pp.80.e7-80.e13. Simmonds, A. (2008). Autonomy and Advocacy in Perinatal Nursing Practice.Nursing Ethics, 15(3), pp.360-370. Webb, M. and Kirov, E. (2014).Clinical cases. Elsevier Health Sciences, p.298.

Womens role in family Essay Example For Students

Womens role in family Essay We have had our worst time. Women, for many years were kept hidden inside the dusty den of depravity. They were not allowed to go to a school. Home was their world. Outside world were meant only for men, the bread-earners of a family. Hence, they were wrapped by such a murky life that they remained disregarded for many years. But things are different now. Women induced as much courage within themselves so as to unveil their wrap to the society. Womens liberation group and what not have emerged since then. They have a lot of demands. They want proper education for the girl child. We will write a custom essay on Womens role in family specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They want status at par with men in every respect possible. But whom are they asking their demands to? Men. Thats right. Men. And to me, by activating themselves through this process of liberation, they are in fact intensifying the superior contemplation of their opposite sex. There is no doubt that they have been successful to a certain extent in reaching their goals. Now women go to schools. They can now educate themselves as much as they want. If not a lot, then some are acquiring high and respectable positions in work places. But since it is a fact that even after all these accomplishments, there still exits women liberation groups, makes us think that all of womens demands are not fulfilled. And it will never be fulfilled if they continue this way. That is because whenever they are demanding something, they are actually giving men a choice. If it is fruitful to a man to educate a girl child, then he would consider it, or else they wont. In other words, women havent really been successful in changing mans attitude towards them. So, what should they do now? I think that the best way to deal with this issue would be to make the man realize of their own importance to the society as a whole. What role do women play in the world? My mother is a woman and I cant disregard her influence on my life. She is a great person to me. And I only have positive thoughts about her. Likewise, every woman should play a key role in establishing a warm and solid link with her child so that in future when the child grows up to be a man, he would realize the importance of a mother in their household. Household. Thats the word I still prefer in regard to women. Women truly plays a major role in the household. To me, a family would be perfect and happy if the man plays the role of a bread earner for the family and the woman plays the role of a household mother. Here the meaning of the word mother goes a lot beyond our typical knowledge of motherhood. She wont be the mother only to her child, rather to her family and to her society as a whole. I know that it is not very heard of in the western part of the world. But in the east, where I was born and brought up, injected within me the idea that a woman is a mother whose responsibilities lie strictly surrounding the well being of the family. And if that requires a mother to work outside the home, she should do that, not for the sake of doing it, rather for the betterment of the household she belongs. Even though it may apparently appear to be outrageously wrong to adopt my above suggestion, but, believe me, it works. I truly do not want women to enjoy less freedom than their male counterpart. Neither do I want women to be suppressed from the proper rights and privileges that our society has to offer to an individual. 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10 of the Most Inspirational Parts of Nursing

10 of the Most Inspirational Parts of Nursing The crazy shifts, the constant wrestling with life and death. What keeps a nurse going?  Here is a random list of the most important things a nurse holds onto in order to keep showing up for work. 1. PassionThat’s the drive that brings nurses  to medicine in the first place. Keeping sight of this and staying connected to the desire to help people are vital in any nurse’s career.2. RespectFor each other, for the profession, for the lives so often hanging in the balance.3. HumorLaughter, we all know, is often the best medicine. In order to make it through the toughest days, it’s often mandatory to  find humor in the darkness.4. GratitudeAs important for nurses as everyone else- perhaps more so. Being thankful for patients, personal  health, and the  patience of families and friends is key.5. TeamworkNurses  work together to make it look seamless, but it takes a lot of individual effort and care.  6. Learning and teachingBoth are the best way to keep t he passion up- whether by mentoring and teaching a new colleague or fulfilling your own desire to keep learning more and advancing in your professional development.  7. AdvocacyBeing there for the patient and standing up for him or her when they can’t speak for themselves is challenging, but necessary and humbling.8. TrustWithout it, nurses  are sunk. They  have to trust themselves, their  knowledge, and the people they  working with, or they can’t help anyone.9. CourageNurses couldn’t do their jobs without it. It takes courage just to come to work- more to take a stand whenever necessary for patients’ interests.10. InnovationExciting decisions happen every day, in very setting. Nurses are always using  what we know to make the world a healthier, safer place.

Edward Waters College Admissions - ACT Scores, Costs...

Edward Waters College Admissions - ACT Scores, Costs... Edward Waters College Admissions Overview: Edward Waters Colleges admissions are not highly selectivestudents with solid grades and test scores have a good chance of being admitted.  In addition to submitting an application (either online or through the mail), interested students will need to submit official scores from the SAT or ACT, and high school transcripts. For more information, be sure to visit the schools website; also, campus visits are always welcome so prospective students can determine if Edward Waters is a good match. Admissions Data (2016): Edward Waters College Acceptance Rate: 58%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 370 / 450SAT Math: 350 / 460SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 15  / 18ACT English: 12 / 17ACT Math: 15 / 17What these ACT numbers mean Edward Waters College Description: Edward Waters College is a four-year, private, historically black college located in Jacksonville, Florida. Founded in 1866, it is the oldest private institution of higher education in the state. EWC is affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church and has over 900 students supported by a student faculty ratio of 17 to 1. The college offers Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Bachelor of Business Administration degrees in eight academic areas. Students stay active outside of the classroom through participating in a range of student clubs and organizations, as well as intramural basketball, volleyball, flag football, and Ping-Pong. The college also has a Greek system with four sororities and five fraternities. Varsity athletic teams compete in the NAIA Gulf Coast Athletic Conference, and the college’s volleyball, softball, baseball and women’s basketball teams have all won championships. EWC is proud of its Triple Threat Marching Band, and The Best of Flo rida Schools 2005 named EWC’s Purple Thunder Dance Squad as the Best Non-Traditional Dance Squad. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 3,062  (all undergraduate)Gender Breakdown: 46% Male / 54% Female29% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $13,525Room and Board: $7,282Other Expenses: $4,276Total Cost: $25,083 Edward Waters College Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 98%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 97%Loans: 74%Average Amount of AidGrants: $10,791Loans: $6,281 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business Administration, Criminal Justice, Psychology Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 57%Transfer Out Rate: 20%4-Year Graduation Rate: 8%6-Year Graduation Rate: 26% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Track and Field, Cross Country, Basketball, Golf, BaseballWomens Sports:  Basketball, Volleyball, Track and Field, Softball, Cross Country Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Edward Waters, You May Also Like These Schools: Clark Atlanta University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAlbama State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBenedict College: Profile  Albany State University: Profile  University of Florida: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Miami: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphShaw University: Profile  Savannah State University: Profile  Florida International University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphJacksonsville University: Profile  Barry University: Profile

Synthesis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Synthesis paper - Essay Example Parent involvement in the learning process, though largely untapped is a viable resource for schools struggling to offer its students quality instructions while suffering the limitations of diminishing funds. In addition, parent involvement in a child’s learning increases student achievement and enhances a sense of involvement in the child’s education (Coleman and Hoffer, 1987). Parent involvement typically means different forms of participation in the education of a child. Some of these forms include attending school functions and responding to schooling obligations such as parent-teacher conferences. In addition, parents can become more involved in helping their children’s schooling through tutoring, modeling desired behavior and monitoring homework. Perhaps one of the most important schooling practices is parents’ work in the classroom. There are literally hundreds of journal articles, books and stand-alone reports on the subject of parent involvement in the classroom. These writings give expert opinions, offering sufficient information on the topic of parent involvement as a schooling practice. It is apparent that parent involvement in the class and individual student learning is positively linked to achievement. Interestingly, the more a parent is involved in a student’s learning process, the more beneficial the achievement effects are. This holds true for all the aforementioned types of parent involvement in the schooling process regardless of the age of the student. However, the most effectual modes of parent participation are those that involve parents working candidly with their children in learning activities at school. For instance, programs that involve a parent reading with the child, supporting the child’s class work and homework assignments, tutoring the child using materials and instructi ons provided by teachers show exemplarily impressive results in

The evolving nature of masculine and feminine roles in relationships Annotated Bibliography

The evolving nature of masculine and feminine roles in relationships - Annotated Bibliography Example ity to push their agenda and advocacy, among which are the legal aspects as well as the ensuring financial benefits of such unions, such as right to get pension and survivorship benefits for the partner or spouse. Goldberg, Abbie E., Smith, Julianna Z., and Maureen Perry-Jenkins. â€Å"The Division of Labour in Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual New Adoptive Parents.† Journal of Marriage and Family 74.4 (Aug. 2012): 812-828. Print. This article journal examines the differences in the division of labour among various couples (gay, lesbian, and heterosexual) among newly-adoptive couples who in turn are influenced by their levels of income (resulting in greater discrepancies in contribution to feminine tasks) while number of works hours resulted into a greater discrepancy in contribution to masculine tasks at home. The research examined a total of 160 newly-adoptive couples of various gender orientations but the general finding is that same-sex couples shared child care and house work more equally as compared to heterosexual couples. This gives a newer meaning to the concept of intimate relationships where gender roles are often opaque or ambiguous, such as who plays the father and who plays the mother. This book re-examines the on-going and never-ending debate on the nature of gender and its formative influences. Gender is reviewed again from the perspectives of genetics, molecular biology, evolutionary theory, psychology, sociology, and neuroanatomy. It is an interesting read because it presents a review of the very nature of gender and how masculinity and feminity are each defined. Gender is a very complex concept, with overlapping similarities and differences. Lucier-Greer, Mallory, Adler-Baeder, Francesca, Ketring, Scott, and Thomas Smith. â€Å"Malleability of Gender Role Attitudes: Gendered Messages in Relationship Education.† The National Council on Family Relations. Nov. 2011. 1-2. Print. The research study looked at how relationship education (RE) can be

Prayer - The Most Important Part of our Life Essay -- Prayer Praying

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We need to look at prayer with deeper thoughts. Prayer isn’t just closing your eyes, folding your hands and speaking. Prayer is a much more meaningful part of religion. We all need to pray, God himself demands us to pray. Prayer is defined as an act of God, a god or another object of worship, such as in devotion, confession, praise, or thanksgiving. When most people pray, they just say the same prayer, like the Lord’s prayer for example. Saying the same prayer isn’t really such a bad thing, its more about the meaning and the time that you spend praying. Prayer shouldn’t just be looked at as a routine or habit, but as more of a love poem to express ones self to God. Questions such as: why do we need to pray? What is this prayer?, and What does God command us to pray for? Are what we should be asking ourselves before we come to God in prayer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prayer is a very important action in all of us as Christians. We should know why we pray and why it is important. We should also know that prayer cant just come from our mouths but from our hearts as well. Our affections cling to self and to worldly objectives; our prayer cannot rise above their level no matter what words we use. In Luke 11:1 it says â€Å" Lord, teach us to pray, as John also taught his disciples.† we should be taught to pray either from the church or from the people around us. Taught in a sense of listening, not actually taking lessons on it. We need to pray because prayer is the most important part of the thank...

Primary Education in India: Evolution, Structure and Development Essay

Education is one of the major factors which control a nation’s economic and scientific growth. In the report, an attempt has been made to analyze the primary education system of India and how it has evolved over the course of history and affected various sections of the society. To create the report, various data sources, secondary research, surveys and government legislations were used and referred. The report charts the evolution of the Indian education system in an attempt to understand the reasons behind the present condition of the system. A description of the features of the public education system and low cost private schooling system in India, both in terms of quantity and quality, has been provided with the help of various data sources and secondary research. It was found that the literacy rates, especially in the younger age groups, for both boys and girls are on an upward trend. However, the increase in literacy rates and education provided has not been uniform in various sections of society as well as various states. Similarly, literacy rates for girls, rural residents, and members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes also lag behind those for boys, urban residents and the upper castes. Public expenditure on education in India has been rising over time and the government initiatives have resulted in a 9% increase in the literacy rate from 2001 to 2011. An analysis of the schooling system shows the growth in the literacy rates of the country since Independence and how it parallels with the increase in initiatives by the Indian government. It reflects non-uniform growth and disparity in the education imparted with respect to various sections, castes, gender and states in the country. The report also aims to increase the understanding of different perspectives and alternatives to the present system of primary schooling and education in the country. 2. INTRODUCTION Primary education is the foundation on which the development of every country is built on. In every country in the world, education is acknowledged as a tool for development and prosperity. Education is viewed as an intrinsically valuable commodity and a means to economic and social wellbeing of an individual as well as an entire nation. ? Most developed nations in the world also possess a sound primary and secondary education system. In the past few decades, the government of India has focused on provision of more schools ‘quantity’ and not on the ‘quality’. Various studies shown in the report will demonstrate that the percentage of ‘functionally literates’ is very low and the inadequacy of basic facilities and lack of infrastructure in schools. Government’s continuous efforts in the form of programs like ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’, DPEP, Mid-Day meals can be credited to achieve the above objectives. Literacy Rate of India has had an increase of 62% since independence, but individual literacy rates of various states show significant variations. In 2011, 95% population of 7+ of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra were literate, while Bihar had a literacy rate of 63. 25% with a female literacy rate of 33. 6%. The results of the surveys conducted show that some states are ‘educationally more advanced’ than others. India’s primary education has evolved from the traditional schools to the modern classroom. This has given the opportunity to the masses to get educated. New modern education also exposes the world and provides adequate infrastructure for an integrated learning environment. India’s literacy rates have increased from 12. 0% to 74. 04% in 2011 and although the male-female literacy rate gap is still 24. 1%, it has decreased over the last decade by 10%. The number of primary schools has increased three-fold from 209,671 to 664,041 and now 90% population has a school within 1 kilometer. While critics argue that the primary education system of India is not as advanced as the system in most developed countries, it is bound to become one of the fastest growing and most effective systems in the world in the near future due to the strong policies made by the government and the rapid growth of the alternative schooling system. 3. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF PRIMARY SCHOOLING IN INDIA ? In the pre-British era, education in India commenced under the supervision of a guru in traditional schools called gurukuls. Historically and traditionally, India had predecessors to the modern system of higher education at Nalanda, Takshashila and Ujjain Universities where Science, Art, Economics, Politics, Law, and Medicine were the few early subjects that were taught. The British came to India in the second half of the millennium and by the late 19th and early 20th century, they were successful and instrumental in creating a proper schooling system with primary and secondary education which has been followed by the Indian state ever since. After India gained independence in 1947, education became the responsibility of the states. The Central Government’s only obligation was to co-ordinate in technical and higher education and specified standards. This continued till 1976, when the education became a joint responsibility of the state and the Centre.? In 1976, education was made a joint responsibility of the states and the Centre through a constitutional amendment Center is represented by Ministry of Human Resource Development’s Department of Education and together with the states, it is jointly responsible for the formulation of education policy and planning. The 86th Amendment of the Indian constitution makes education a fundamental right for all children aged 6-14 years. When India gained independence, the literacy rate was as low as 12% but has been growing ever since. Even though the literacy rate rose to 74% in the 2011 census which also translated into economic growth, there’s still a long way to go. In recent past, India has made great progress in terms of increasing primary education enrolment, attendance rate, retention and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population. Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 elementary school teachers in India. As of March 2012 there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India. Education has also been made free for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009. There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. The District Education Revitalization Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalize primary education in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary education system. 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15 percent was funded by the states. 4. STRUCTURE OF THE GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS The main types of schools are those controlled by State government boards The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) International schools. These schools try to copy the schools in the West in pattern and syllabus and are considerably more expensive than regular schools. Overall, according to the latest Government Survey undertaken by NUEPA (DISE, 2010-11), there are over 1 million schools. Expenditure on Education in India Expenditure on education is on a rise. The Indian budget has provided Rs. 34,400 crores to the educational sector in India. It is an increase of 20% over previous year. In 2004 expenditure on education stood at 3. 52% of the GDP and in the eleventh plan it is estimated to be around 4% while it should be at least 6% of GDP. The District Information System for Education (DISE) reported in 2012 that 95% of India’s rural populations are within one kilometer of primary schools. The 2011 Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), which tracks trends in rural education, indicated that enrollment rates among primary-school-aged children were about 93%, with little difference by gender. However, behind the veil of such promising statistics, the learning outcomes of India’s children show little progress. The country ranked 63 out of 64 in the latest Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) study, with some of its best schools ranked about average among those surveyed. The 2011 ASER stated that only 48. 2% of students in the fifth grade can read at the second grade level. The number of students completing their primary education with inadequate numeracy and literacy skills is startling. To see this manifest in an economic sense, one may attribute India’s productivity growth — lagging behind that of East Asian economies — to a lack of progress in the foundational elements of countrywide, high-quality education. India’s private-schooled, English-speaking urban elite may attract global attention, but they are in the minority. The vast majority of Indian children attend government-run primary schools in rural areas. In 2008-2009, rural India accounted for more than 88% of India’s primary-school students, of whom over 87% were enrolled in government-run schools. This is where we see some of the nation’s challenges. â€Å"The destiny of India is now being shaped in her classrooms. † (Education Commission, 1964-66. ) This statement rings true half a century later.? While the development planners rightly recognized that expansion of educational facilities has to be accompanied with improvements in quality and relevance of education at all levels, the outcome is different at different places in the country. 5. THE INDIAN SOCIETY AND ITS ROLE IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM 5. 1 Socio-economic disparities Despite the strong constitutional backing for the provision of primary education in India and its expansion over time, the system is characterized not only by low achievements but also by large unevenness of achievements. Differences remain between rural and urban areas, and the probability of getting any education at all sharply depends on gender, caste and income. Women, scheduled castes and tribes and the poor are faced with barriers when it comes to getting basic education. Of the 200 million children in the age group 6-14, it is estimated that 59 million are out of school. Of these 35 million are girls and 24 million are boys (Ministry of Human Development, GOI). Apart from socio-economic determinants, the educational infrastructure and the management and the governance of the educational system in India are far from efficient or sufficient. The government is the largest provider of education in India with only about10% of primary schools owned by the private sector. The  quality of education provided by the public education system is low which translates into low educational abilities even for those who are able to complete primary education cycle. Moreover, there is a lot of ‘waste’ in the educational system with dropout rates as high as 40% for the country as a whole and in some Indian states, they are as high as 75%. Though the number of primary schools in the country increased, more than 1 lakh habitations still do not have access to a primary school within a distance of one kilometer. Teacher-pupil ratios are inadequate: less than 2 teachers are available in rural areas to teach a class size of around 100 students. Teacher motivation and teaching incentives are also very weak. 5. 2 Rural-Urban and Gender Disparities Perhaps, the largest disparity in educational attainment in India is by rural-urban location. While there has been some catching up in literacy rates for both males and females between rural and urban areas, the differences continue to be unacceptably large, especially for females. The child sex ratio also has a major impact on the disparity of the education imparted. Haryana, where the child sex ratio is decreasing, also sees the maximum amount of disparity when it comes to gender inequality of education. Only 46% of females in rural areas were literate as opposed to nearly 73% in urban areas in 2001, a gap of around 27 percentage points. For males, the gap was lower at around 15% percentage points with 71. 18% of males in rural areas and 86. 42% in urban areas being literate in 2001. However, school attendance has been rising for both girls and boys at the elementary school level in both rural and urban areas. The following table shows school attendance for boys and girls in the 614 years age category in 1992-93 and 1998-99 for rural and urban areas. Fewer girls attend school in rural areas compared to their urban counterparts, and also compared to boys in rural areas. The proportion of girls attending schools, however, has increased from 59% to 70% between the years under comparison. School Attendance (%), age 6-14 years 1992-93 Female Rural Urban Total 52 79 59 Male 72 85 75. 5 1998-99 Female 70 86 74 Male 81 89 83. While participation of girls in education has seen an increase over time at all levels of education, it continues to lag behind that of boys. Even in 2001-2002, girls’ enrolment remains below 50% of total enrolment at the primary school level. This is true of girls’ enrolment at all levels of education, though they have been increasing at levels beyond the primary as well. The table above provides enrolment data, which only takes into account entry into the school system and not attendance or retention, which as we have noted above was 73% for females compared to 79% for males. Moreover, if we view statistics for India as a whole, the numbers hide considerable variations. According to the Indian Census of 2001, of the 593 districts in India, 309 districts had (total) female literacy rates lower than the national average and 324 districts had a gender gap in (total) literacy rates that was greater than the national average. The gender gap in education is mostly due to entrenched gender norms, especially in the states of the north, where girls are married off at very young ages and exogamy in marriage means that any benefits of investment in education of girls will be captured by the household after marriage. This reduces parental incentives in the education of girls. The gender gap in education perhaps reaches its apogee in the North-western state of Rajasthan which can be seen as illustrative of what plagues gender equity in education in India as a whole. According to the 1991 Census, Rajasthan had 7 million children of primary school going age of which only 52. 8% attended school. Moreover, among girls the attendance rate was only 37. 4%. The drop out rate from the primary school system was as high as 55%. A large fraction of out of school children were girls. Among scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, the literacy rates for women were as low as 9% and 7% respectively. Thus, gender and caste attitudes have resulted in severe gender inequity in education in Rajasthan. These social attitudes are reproduced officially rendering them invisible, further compounding the low status of women in Rajasthan. 5. 3 Scheduled Castes and Tribes Membership in castes continues to exert a powerful influence on the attainment of socio-economic well being for people in India. This is reflected in almost all the social and economic development indicators for scheduled castes and tribes in India vis-a-vis the rest of the population. Scheduled tribes do worse than scheduled castes and girls belonging to scheduled castes and tribes do much worse than boys belonging to scheduled castes and tribes. At the primary school level, most boys are now enrolled in schools and the percentage of girls enrolled has also improved over time, though it continues to lag in certain states. One of the tables in the appendix provides enrolment ratios for boys and girls belonging to scheduled castes for 1997-98. Enrolment ratios for boys are above 100% for all states. However, drop-out rates for boys and girls belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are higher than average. In the case of scheduled tribes, nearly 64% of boys and 70% of girls drop out before completing primary school (MHRD, 1994). 6. THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN THE SYSTEM Education is one of the most important parameters that can lead a country to a more sustained growth trajectory. The effect of education increases more in a country like India with over 1billion people. It should be noted that till 1976 in India, education was a ‘state subject’ . Post 1976 even the central government got involved in the process but the state could still enact laws modifying those passed by the central government. This implies that the primary responsibility for education lies with the state government. It may be noted that while expenditure on primary education may be nominal or even zero, especially in rural areas, the opportunity cost of education can be high which is why many households in the rural areas are reluctant to send their children to school. They see them as earning members of their families right from their childhood. In 2001-2002, India spent about 4% of its GDP on education, which is less than the proposed 6%. The following table shows government expenditure on education (all levels) as a ratio of expenditure on all sectors as well as percentage of GDP. From above, it is clear that elementary education was ignored by the government and more emphasis were given to secondary and tertiary education but at the start of the 21st century elementary education was finally given its due importance by allocation of more money. Elementary education is financed almost completely by the government – central, state and local – and government funds account for 99% of all recurring expenditure in elementary education. The District Primary Education Program(DPEP) and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan(SSA) are two large scale programs undertaken by the government of India to provide primary and upper primary education to all the citizens of India. 6. 1 District Primary Education Program (DPEP) The Government of India launched the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) in 1994 with the aim to attain the goal of universal elementary education. The objectives of the program are: †¢ To provide access to all children to primary education through formal primary schools or its equivalent through alternatives †¢ To reduce overall dropouts at the primary level less than 10 percent †¢ To increase achievement levels by 25 percentage points over and above the measured baseline levels †¢ To reduce disparities of all types to less than 5 percent. The criteria to identify districts under the programme are: †¢ Educationally ward districts with female literacy below the national average †¢ Districts where TLC(Total Literacy Campaigns) have been successful leading to enhanced demand for primary education (Department of Education: 1993). When the program was launched in 1994, it covered forty-two districts in seven states, namely Assam, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Later, it was extended to Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Currently, the program covers 176 districts in 15 states of India. These states together have 60% of the child population in India. Another 60-65 districts are slated be brought into the DPEP fold. DPEP is a centrally sponsored scheme with the central government providing 85% of funds and the state government providing the remaining 15%. The share of the central government comes from external assistance from bilateral and multilateral agencies such as the World Bank, IDA, DFID, EC, UNICEF and the government of Netherlands. In the first phase of DPEP, 1,60,000 teachers were trained, 4,500 new schools, 5,000 class rooms were constructed and 14,400 toilet and water facilities provided. According to a study conducted by the National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA, 1998a), between 19931994 and 1996-1997, enrollment rates in DPEP districts increased by more than in non-DPEP districts. In many of the DPEP districts, primary school enrollment of girls increased at a higher rate than that for boys. Of the additional 6, 30,000 children enrolled in 39 of the 42 phase I DPEP districts between 1995-6 and 1996-7, 51. 5% were girls. Another NIEPA study (NIEPA, 1998b), found that among the DPEP phase I states, the highest enrollment increase of 35. 6 % was in Assam followed by Haryana (15.9%) and Maharashtra (14. 6%) in 1996-97. The national average was 9. 4 per cent. In 1997-98, the highest increase in enrollment was in Madhya Pradesh (10. 5%). 6. 2 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) The central government launched the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Universal Elementary Education) in 2001. The goal of SSA was to provide meaningful and quality education to all children between the ages 6-14 by 2010. It is an umbrella plan for elementary education in India and includes the DPEP. SSA is a response to the demand for quality basic education all over the country and an opportunity for promoting social justice through basic education. It is a partnership between central, state and the local government. Objectives of SSA †¢ All children should be in school, Education guarantee centre, alternative school or back to school camp by 2005. †¢ All children in the state complete five years of primary schooling by 2007. †¢ All children complete eight years of schooling by 2010. †¢ Focus should be made on Elementary emphasis on education for life in the state. Education of satisfactory quality with †¢ Bridge all gender and social category gaps at the primary stage by 2007 and at the elementary level by 2010 in the state. †¢ Universal retention of children by 2010. The financial obligation by the government towards SSA has been estimated to be an additional Rupees 6,000 million over the next ten years to be shared by the central and state governments. Unlike the DPEP, the SSA is a program that is entirely domestically funded and does not rely on external resources. The funds for the SSA are allocated from the Union Budget. Secondly, the SSA is an initiative of the Central government, even though education in India is largely the responsibility of state governments. 6.3 Mid Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) It is the largest noon meal programme in the world. It covered about 10. 46 crore children of primary and upper primary classes in 11. 92 lakh govt. aided, local body, and NCLP Schools as well as Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS). Rs 48000 crores allocated for the program me during the 11th five year plan; Rs 38,000 crores spent so far. The benefits of MDMS are: †¢ Preventing classroom hunger †¢ Promoting school participation †¢ Facilitating healthy growth of children †¢ Intrinsic educational value †¢ Fostering social equality †¢ Enhancing gender equity †¢ Psychological Benefits The nutritional norm for upper primary stage was fixed at 700 Calories and 20 grams of protein. Midday meal scheme is an important step forward in improving both the education and health outcomes of children in India and greater effort and funds should be channeled in improving its quality and implementation. 7. QUALITY AND QUANTITY India has complex social structure where economic, social and gender disparities are present. Providing education to the masses keeping in mind disparities in the Indian society has been the goal of the government since independence. In India there is an emphasis on provision of more schools (‘quantity’) and providing easy access to these institutes. ‘Quantity’ of an education system can be defined as the measure of physical access to schools. Under ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ the government aims to ensure that every person in India has a school within one kilometer of his/her residence and is given free primary education. This is to ensure that in rural and tribal areas where resources people have are limited, have easy access to school. Between 1950-51 and 2011-2012, the number of primary schools increased from 209,671 to 664,041, which is more than a three-fold increase. Eighty-four percent of Indian population now has a primary school within one kilometer and local government or local bodies run ninety percent of these schools. ‘Quality’ of an education system is a measure of school supplies, level of teaching and basic amenities provided by the school. Low quality education system indicates that students who have completed primary school are not functionally literate and numerate. In Maharashtra, Community based surveys of 28 cities and 8 rural districts in 2003 found that 30% students were able to read basic texts and perform basic arithmetic according to a report by A.  K. Bannerjee in 2001. The Probe team in 1999 reported similar results in Northern states. A study of two districts of Madhya Pradesh by Leclercq in 2002 found that only 27% students were able to read texts fluently. Thus, while increase in literacy rates are significant, the numbers may be misleading and do not show the ‘functional literacy rates’. The infrastructure in schools is an important measure of the ability of the education institution to impart ‘quality’ education to students. Most schools do not have classrooms large enough to accommodate all students. The  Probe Report in 1999 found that there are as many 40-50 students in a class with its seating capacity of only 25 on an average. The low figures of 25 in schools in Bihar and Andhra Pradesh do not indicate adequate resources, but low attendance in the schools. School structures also lack basic facilities like running water and toilets. A study showed that in Uttar Pradesh, 54% schools did not have running water and 86% schools did not have toilets (World Bank, 1997). Grover and Singh (2002) in their study of two districts of Tamil Nadu found that out of twentyfive schools only two had toilets. The non-availability of these basic facilities reduces student attendance, as the students have to return to their home to use these basic facilities. The lack of separate toilets for boys and girls also influences parent’s incentives to send their daughters to school. The quality of education provided is most affected by the teachers in the institute. Teacher availability in rural areas is very low. A report by a NGO (CSO 2001) shows that 80% teachers in rural areas apply for transfer to urban areas. This has led to severe imbalance in distribution of resources between the two areas. This reflects on the student-teacher ratio. India has a student to teacher ratio of 43, which is almost, double the ratio observed in developed countries. Moreover, most rural schools (almost 45%) are single or two-teacher schools, there is multi-grade teaching, which reduces the quality of education even further and is not shown by pupil-teacher ratios. There is little check on teacher accountability and teacher attendance reported is also low. In many schools, a lot of teaching time is devoted to do paperwork than actual teaching. In rural areas, Opening and closing times of the school deviate from the administrative fixed timings according to the whims of the teachers. The Grover and Singh report (2002) found that schools were often unexpectedly closed during rain, excessive heat, or agriculture peak period and for cultural reasons like marriages. This finally leads to irregular attendance and poor quality of education. Teacher qualification is an important parameter in the education system. In Tamil Nadu, The Grover and Singh report found that 85% teachers had adequate qualifications and 2 years of training for High school education, but this is not the case in other states like UP, Bihar and Rajasthan. Teacher training programs are also not designed for the reality of environment and the constraints under which teaching actually takes place. There is no focus on single-teacher schools where a teacher has to teach multiple grades and handle administration. The program also does not sensitize teachers for economic and social disparities, which are characteristic to the Indian scenario. Stronghold of teacher-unions has further reduced teacher accountability. In 2002, 457 allegations were registered against teachers and principals for ‘corruption’. This includes miss-use of school funds, recruitment of friends and relatives as teachers and ‘selling’ important positions in the school by bribes and social connections. Teacher apathy comes out very strongly in small surveys carried out by various research teams all over India. PROBE (1999) team reports that there was no teaching happening in half of the sample schools the team visited and the problem further compounded by poor infrastructure, overcrowded classrooms and lack of teaching materials. A research conducted by Grover and Singh in 2002 reported that in 70% of schools in Madurai and Villupuram in Tamil Nadu, no instruction was taking place. In Madhya Pradesh, management has been decentralized to village level bodies like Gram Panchayat to improve administration according to the regional needs. Alternate schools also report social differentiation and inequality in schools . Social differentiation on the basis of caste was always present in India, and the above reform has alleviated the problem. This is observed especially in the areas where students belong to a ‘lower’ social caste and teachers belong to the dominant caste. This increases the problem of low enrollment, dropout rates and parental apathy towards public schools. World Bank’s study of 1997, estimated 45% girl and 42% boy dropout rate before class five. The All-India rate is 40% highlighting that dropout is still a major problem in Public education system. The dropout rate of girls is always higher than boys (Except Karnataka) and in five states UP, Bihar, Rajasthan West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh; dropout rates are more than 50%. Corporal punishment is reported to be practiced in both rural and urban schools. Psychologists say no matter how serious the offence, beating should not be allowed. It leaves a very serious trauma on the student’s mind. In 2011, 40 cases were registered in Delhi of corporal punishment. The worst aspect is that almost 90% of the cases go unreported as parents too think it must be their child’s mistake and that’s why he/she must have been administered a beating. It was seen as an acceptable form of punishment by the society until 2000, when the Supreme Court banned it in all schools. There have been many cases in which students have lost their lives because of corporal punishment. In 2010, a nine-year old girl, Piya Chaudhary died of due to cancer arising out of injuries inflicted on her head by a schoolteacher. In 2012, Aslam Ansari died after thrashing by his teachers in Madhya Pradesh. Every year, numerous children die due to corporal punishment in schools. This reflects the quality of education and teacher apathy. 8. LOW COST PRIVATE SCHOOLS VS GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS One of the major movements that have come up in India and other developing countries is the system of low-cost private schools which are accessible by the masses. The affordable or low-cost private school system which basically consists of private schools where monthly student fees varies from Rs 100-Rs 750 ( 2 US$ to 15US$) is gaining momentum worldwide and helps poor families in having a say in their children’s education and future. . In a UNDP survey across 10 major cities of the developing world, however, as many as 75 per cent of students were attending private schools, paying fees of less than US$10 a month. ? These schools serve as alternatives to the age-old system of public schooling in the developing countries in the world. The various differences between public schooling and low-cost private schooling will be studied with the case of Indian schooling system as the focal point. India lives in its villages and the primary education system in most villages is below par. The country aims for a 6% allocation of the GDP dedicated to the education sector of the country but hasn’t been able to put it into practice as of now. It is often very difficult to quantify growth and learning of a student and distinguish between the overall performances of students of public and private schools. The parameters and benchmarks are very subjective. The quality or effectiveness of the low-fee private schools is very difficult to gauge especially in India when it’s still in the nascent stages. There is no comparable measure of learning achievement in private and public schools Test scores and literacy rates along with passing percentage are one of the few criterions to work with. The relative cost of private and public schools, where the focus is on the monthly cost of teaching each student. The major chunk of the expenditure goes on salaries.